Human Skeleton and Muscles: Anatomy and Physiology

Human drawing and Muscles Anatomy and PhysiologySABRINA PACE-HUMPHREYSUNIT TITLEANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON AND MUSCLESIn a short account explain senseless and os features which embolden them to carry pop their roles, Remember to link structure and function for both. full-grown bods consist of 206 individual hit the books logical in two divisions axile and appendicular skeleton. The former runs along the torsos midline and includes skull, sh start and vertebral column regions. The latter consists of lifts in upper limbs much(prenominal) as the radius and ulna, pooh-pooh limbs and pelvic girdle regions.Skeletal happen upon functionsSupport Structural framework for the dust, supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for skeletal ponderousness builder tendons.Protection of internal organs from injury. E.g. rib cage protects lungs and heart. lawsuit Most skeletal ponderousnesss attach to crams and, on muscle builder abridgement, pull t o arrive at relocation. E.g. thigh muscles attach to the femur and pull on it during hip/ knee interchangeable joint movement.Mineral bloodlineho mathematical function/release B integrity tissue stores minerals give cargon calcium and phosphorus which aid attire strength. Minerals ar released on contract into blood to maintain mineral balances/travel to other body parts. rent cellphone production Bones like pelvic and rib bones (adults) contain red bone marrow producing red blood cells.Triglyceride storage Yellow marrow consists of adipose cells storing triglyceride chemical energy reserve.Bones atomic number 18 living organs made of cells, protein fibres and minerals. They includeDiaphysis/Epiphyses Bone woodpecker/EndMataphyses Region between above structures. In growing bone it contains a growth plate/layer of hyaline cartilage that wholeows the bone to lengthen.Articular cartilage Thin layer of hyaline cartilage book binding part of the epiphyses where the b one forms a joint with another bone. Reduces friction/absorbs appal at freely moveable joints.Periosteum Tough connective tissue sheath. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, nourishes bone tissue, serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. Associated blood add surrounds bone surface when articular cartilage not present. The inner osteogenic layer, consisting of cells, allows bone to grow in thickness.Medullary cavity Hollow space inside diaphysis containing fatty bone marrow and blood vessels. Minimizes weight of the bone by reducing dense bone material where not needed. hollow design of provides maximum strength with minimum weight.Part 1 inform what joint and muscle movements are involved in running and how are they involved.The legs move forward using the quadriceps at the front of the thigh. quadruplet bend ( writhe) the hip joint and straighten (extend) and stabilise the knee. As the body moves forward the hamstring tendons are recruited to straighte n (extend) the hip and bend (flex) the knee. They also financial aid to bend the knee behind a runner. At the same epoch the muscles of the displace leg (inner and outer calf) extend and flex for each one articulatio talocruralis/foot during landing and take off e.g. plantar and dorsi flexion of the articulatio talocruralis joint. Impact is also absorbed by these muscles. The gluteal muscles not all help to extend the hip but also stabilize the trunk, retentiveness a runner upright. Hip flexors and extenders work with quads and hamstrings to move legs forward and tush as well as stabilizing the hip joint which contributes to undecomposed running form.The sleeves and shoulders are another key driving delineate for running power. The arms, which when running are held in a partially flexed set at the elbow joint due to the triceps flexing, are continuously despicable at the shoulder joint in a backwards-forwards direction when running. This movement is also strengthened, and held, by recruitment of the Trapezius muscles.Part 2 apologise what joint and muscle movements are involved in working at a computer in an office and how are they involved.When working at a computer the following joint and muscle movements, starting from the acme of the lead, areThe cervical vertebrae pivot joint enables our head to turn side-to-side/up and down which assists us when looking for information on a computer screens. Elbow joints, when resting or hovering over a desk, are in a uninterrupted 90 degree flexed state with the bicep muscles being flexed to become the elbow joint to this position. The wrist joints, when working on a keyboard, are moving left, right and up and down closely followed by the fingerbreadth and thumb joints which are flexing, extending and hovering to enable typing. Midline joints, such as vertebrae, hips, renal pelvis etc are in a neutral position in severalize to alleviate back pain associated with academic session for long periods of time. Well unquestionable core muscles in the abdomen, back (latissimus dorsi) and shoulders help to keep us sitting upright in a neutral spinal position by continually contracting. When sitting our hips may often be pushed slightly out of line/forward, the joint is flexed. Gluteus muscles are in a constant state of flexion when a person is sitting as are the knee joints (if a person is sitting with the soles of their feet on the floor).Skeletal muscles fall in complicated structures that allow them to move, what are these structures and how do they allow muscles to carry out their roles.Skeletal muscle consists of numerous elongated muscle fibre cells arranged in fasciculi bundles. These bundles are separated by endomysium connective tissue with each of these surrounded by a stronger perimysium sheath. Blood vessels transport nutrients/oxygen in and move metabolic waste away. Hundreds of muscle fibres are enclosed indoors the epimysium connective tissue envelope and extend th e muscles full length.Fibres consist of cell membrane, myofibril, sarcoplasm (containing organelles such as mitochondria) and myofilaments actin and myosin.Myosin is surrounded by 6 actin (each consisting of two heads absorbed around each other). At the myosin binding site on the actin (the twist) the myosin head attaches and both filaments overlap creating cross-bridges. When overlapping the myosin head containing ATPase enzyme releases ATP, powering muscle contraction.Muscle contraction triggers when an impulse from the central nervous system is sent to a muscle via a motor neuron nerve. When it reaches the fibre the Sliding Filament apparatus a series of chemical events causing the above actin/myosin to overlap depict above is triggered. Myosin pulls on actin shortening the sarcomere. This signal is synchronized across all fibres so all myofibrils contract simultaneously.Muscular functions are to stimulate body movements such as locomotion e.g. running stabilize body posi tions store and move substances around the body (oxygen to the muscle and metabolic waste from it) convey heat through contraction bouncy for maintaining body temperature.Antagonistic muscle pairs work in opposition with one moving a joint in one direction and another moving it back. E.g. the bicep contracts to bend the arm while the tricep muscle releases.Three types of voluntary muscle fibre display case 1 Slow twitch fibres using aerobic respiration for sustained muscular contractions, such as maintaining posture. Type 2a unshakable Oxidative Fibres swagger of type 1 and 2b fibres using aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce fast, strong muscle contractions used in resistance training. Type 2b Fast Twitch Glycolictic Fibres using anaerobic respiration for short, fast bursts of power. front requires muscle and all muscles have antagonistic pairs. Using this as the title pen a short account of how muscle contraction and antagonism is vital for the co-ordinated mov ement of an organism. 200 wordsMuscles are attached to bones by tendons so that when a muscle contracts (shortens) it pulls on the bone and, if part of a joint, said bone moves.Muscles can only pull, they cant push. So, if a joint was only controlled by one muscle, it would cause a chore as the bone would move in one direction and check-out procedure there.Voluntary antagonistic muscles work in opposition so that when one group contracts the other relaxes. Its impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at the same time. Muscles allow us to support and sit by contracting/releasing constantly to stabilise the skeleton and to walk and run by contracting/releasing to move lower body limbs.Antagonistic pairs normally consist of a flexor and extensor. E.g. to flex the elbow, the bicep flexor muscle works across three joints while the tricep (extensor) muscle is primarily concerned with extension of the elbow joint.To move our legs we need to use the lower limbs and it is here that antagonistic muscles such as the quadriceps and hamstring work together to move the upper leg limbs while the tibalis precedent works in opposition to the calf muscle to move the lower leg.BibliographyBbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC GCSE Bitesize Functions of the skeleton. online easy at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/applied mannequin/2_anatomy_skeleton_rev1.shtml Accessed 31 Dec. 2014.Bbc.co.uk, (2015). 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